![]() Tobacco (and marijuana) smoking accelerates caffeine metabolism. Caffeine is metabolized in the liver primarily by cytochrome P450 1A2 and is subject to several potential drug interactions, including inhibition by oral contraceptives, cimetidine, norfloxacin, and alcohol. In infants younger than 2–3 months old, metabolism is extremely slow, and the half-life may exceed 24 hours. Its elimination half-life is approximately 4–6 hours but can range from 3 hours in healthy smokers to 10 hours in nonsmokers after overdose, the half-life may be as long as 15 hours. Caffeine is rapidly and completely absorbed orally, with a volume of distribution of 0.7–0.8 L/kg. ![]() In addition to cardiovascular effects, sympathetic neural stimulation results in increased levels of lactate, glucose and ketones.Ĭonsumption of caffeinated alcoholic beverages can decrease subjective perception of alcohol intoxication without affecting objective markers of intoxication such as motor control, and may increase risky sexual behavior and injury. In addition, with overdose there is considerable beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic stimulation secondary to release of endogenous catecholamines. It acts primarily through nonselective inhibition of adenosine receptors. Although caffeine has a wide therapeutic index and rarely causes serious toxicity, there are many documented cases of accidental, suicidal, and iatrogenic intoxication, some resulting in death.Ĭaffeine is a trimethylxanthine that is closely related to theophylline. Pepper, Moxie, Sunkist, Barq’s, and a few others are all on the list, with each 12-ounce soda containing anywhere between 20 and 60 mg of caffeine. Caffeine is occasionally combined in tablets with other stimulants, such as MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine). Botanical forms of caffeine, including yerba mate, guarana ( Paullinia cupana), kola nut ( Cola nitida), and green tea extract, are common constituents of “thermogenic” dietary supplements touted for weight loss and athletic enhancement. 2 days ago &0183 &32 Its widely believed that delaying your morning coffee until around 90 to 120 minutes after you wake up is a good idea. Pure caffeine sold on the internet has been associated with accidental death due to overdose. Caffeine is widely used as an appetite suppressant, a co-analgesic, a diuretic, and a sleep suppressant. Besides its well-known presence in coffee, tea, colas, and chocolate, it is available in many over-the-counter and prescription oral medications and as injectable caffeine sodium benzoate (occasionally used for neonatal apnea). Caffeine is the most widely used psychoactive substance.
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